#The Second Chapter
After mapping Indonesia’s current AI policy landscape in Chapter 1, we now shift our focus outward. In this second chapter, Mandala explores the global appetite to govern and co-regulate AI by analyzing the regulatory trajectories of the EU, US, China, Singapore, and ASEAN.
We selected these jurisdictions for specific strategic reasons:
The EU is recognized as the flagship global regulation on AI; the US and China are included due to their ongoing strategic competition in AI leadership; while Singapore and ASEAN offer contextual relevance to Indonesia and reflect regional priorities in Southeast Asia.
What drives these jurisdictions to act? How do their regulatory processes unfold—from pre-policy conditions to the mechanisms of policy formulation, and eventually to early post-policy impacts?
This chapter offers a comparative lens to understand:
- Why AI policies have recently emerged across jurisdictions
- How global AI policy-making processes are structured
- What responses and impacts follow the enactment of AI regulations